A Nursing Student Is Reviewing a Research Study in Which

question 3

Multiple Choice

A nursing student is reviewing a research study in which researchers used a pretest/posttest design to examine the effect of an AIDS education intervention on teenagers' knowledge about the condition over a school year. What threats to internal validity could be present? (Select all that apply.)

• A) Maturation
• B) Selection effects
• C) Reactivity
• D) Hawthorne effect
• E) Testing

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Definitions:

Nutrients

Essential chemical compounds that organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce, commonly found in food.

Wave Action

The physical movement of water in the form of waves, which can erode shorelines, shape coastal features, and influence marine ecosystems.

Microbial Degradation

The process by which microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi break down substances, often pollutants, reducing them to simpler, less harmful forms.

Oil Spills

The release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, particularly marine areas, causing pollution and harm to wildlife and ecosystems.