A history instructor wondered about the effectiveness of graded quizzes over material that students were supposed to read prior to class. For one of his sections, quizzes were administered and graded. For another section, the same quizzes were administered but instead of counting toward their grade, students simply used them as practice for exams. Final grade distributions for both sections are shown in the table below. Is there a relationship between final grades and whether quizzes are graded or used for practice? Conduct a chi-square test of independence using α = .05.
Definitions:
Social Contract
A theoretical framework suggesting an implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, such as sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.
BATNA
Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement; the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail.
Industrywide Bargaining
The process of negotiating labor contracts that cover all the workers in a particular industry, rather than just those in a single company or location.
Steel Workers
Individuals engaged in the production and fabrication of steel, often represented by labor unions advocating for their rights and better working conditions.
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Q53: If you know that the mean of