EU Elections Are Often Described as Being 'Second Order' Elections

question 4

Multiple Choice

EU elections are often described as being 'second order' elections. Which empirical factors contribute to this observation? Please select all that apply.

• A) Low turnout rates for EP elections.
• B) Dominance of national political issues in electoral competitions.
• C) The regular success of opposition parties.
• D) Low cohesion among parties in the EP.

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Definitions:

Vertical Equity

The principle that taxpayers with higher incomes should pay more in taxes than those with lower incomes.

Marginal Tax Rate

The rate at which the last dollar of a taxpayer's income is taxed, indicating the percentage of additional income that is paid in tax.

Efficiency

The optimal use of resources to achieve the best possible outcome or output with minimal waste.

Equity

Equity refers to fairness or justice in the way people are treated and involves ensuring equal opportunities and rights for all individuals.