A Patient with Heart Failure Who Reports Intermittent Shortness of Breath

question 12

Multiple Choice

A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing

• A) orthopnea.
• B) paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
• C) sleep apnea.
• D) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

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Definitions:

Modus Ponens (MP)

A logical argument form that asserts if a conditional statement ("if p then q") is accepted, and the antecedent (p) holds, then the consequent (q) must also hold.

Modus Ponens (MP)

A form of logical argument where if a conditional statement ("if P, then Q") is accepted, and the antecedent (P) is affirmed, the consequent (Q) must also be affirmed.

Proof 1

A logical or mathematical demonstration showing that a specific statement or theorem is true, based on accepted axioms and inference rules.

Proof 2

An alternative term generally meaning evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement.