Which Two Packages Were Used in Chapter 8 to Create

question 4

Short Answer

Which two packages were used in Chapter 8 to create a network superimposed on a map, illustrating international migration? _____________________ and _______________________ .

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Definitions:

Test-retest Reliability

The consistency of a test's results when the same individuals take the same test again after a period of time, measuring its stability over time.

Z score

A numerical metric that represents how a specific value's deviation relates to the average of a dataset, quantified by the number of standard deviations away from that average.

Normal Curve

A bell-shaped curve, also known as a Gaussian distribution, representing the spread of a variable in a way that most values cluster around the mean.

Standard Deviation

A statistic that measures the dispersion or variability of a dataset relative to its mean, indicating how spread out the data points are.