When a Researcher Directly Controls or Manipulates Changes in the Independent

question 24

Multiple Choice

When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions,

• A) she is conducting a correlational study.
• B) cause-and-effect relationships can be detected.
• C) the correlational coefficient should be zero.
• D) she is using a technique called matching.

Recognize the significance of biological preparedness in learning and conditioning.

Distinguish between different forms of conditioned responses and stimuli.

Comprehend the impact of stimuli predictability and reliability in conditioning.

Identify conditioned stimuli and responses in practical examples.

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Definitions:

Null Hypothesis

A hypothesis that assumes no significant difference or relationship exists between certain variables; it's the default assumption to be tested against.

Research Hypothesis

A statement made by a researcher that predicts a relationship between two or more variables.

Null Hypothesis

A statement used in statistical testing indicating no association or effect between two or more variables.

Binomial Variable

A type of variable that has two possible outcomes (such as success/failure, yes/no, true/false) in a series of experiments.