Explain the Evolution of Probation from the Rehabilitative Model to the More

question 44

Essay

Explain the evolution of probation from the rehabilitative model to the more risk-assessment and increased-surveillance models of the 1980s and 1990s. Why did the pendulum swing this way?

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Definitions:

Excitatory Generalization Gradient

The tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response on its own.

Conditioned Response

The learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned through association with an unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke the same response, without having been explicitly taught.