Todorov Et Al

question 19

Multiple Choice

Todorov et al. (2005) compared the faces of winners and runner-ups in US congressional elections and found what?

• A) The difference in ratings of attractiveness predicted margin of victory.
• B) The difference in ratings of aggression predicted margin of victory.
• C) The difference in ratings of compassion predicted margin of victory.
• D) The difference in ratings of competency predicted margin of victory.

Recognize the importance of cognitive consistency in attitudes.

Identify the different models of attitudes proposed over time.

Distinguish between the three-component and two-component models of attitude.

Understand the basis of balance theory in attitude consistency.

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Definitions:

Punishment

A consequence applied with the intention of reducing or eliminating an undesirable behavior by introducing a negative stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A system of education where the level of a response is modified through reinforcement or deterrents.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response.

Primary Reinforcer

A stimulus that satisfies a basic survival need and is inherently reinforcing without learning, such as food, water, or warmth.