Define and Contrast In-Groups and Out-Groups

question 21

Essay

Define and contrast in-groups and out-groups. How are they related? How are boundaries of in-groups maintained?

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Definitions:

Variable-ratio Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, making it very resistant to extinction.

Slot Machine

A gambling device that creates a game of chance for its players, featuring reels that spin and symbols that align to determine outcomes.

Reward

A beneficial outcome, object, or stimulus given in response to desired behavior, which serves to reinforce or increase the likelihood of the behavior's recurrence.

Negative Reinforcement

A behavioral concept where the removal of an unfavorable stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of that response being repeated in the future.