According to Pratt Et Al

question 11

Multiple Choice

According to Pratt et al. (2006) , which of the following statements about their review of 40 studies examining the effects of perceived deterrence is not true?

• A) multivariate studies suggest that the effects of certainty and severity of punishment are weak to non-existent
• B) perceptions of punishment is likely to be a minor cause of criminal involvement
• C) legal sanctions might have effects on future crime through non-legal or social costs they evoke
• D) bivariate studies substantially underestimated the effects of perceived deterrence

Understand Hofstede’s framework of national culture and its dimensions.

Recognize the importance of values and their influence on attitudes, behaviors, and organizational culture.

Understand key concepts and terminology related to personality traits, including the "Big Five."

Recognize the significance and components of diversity and inclusion within organizations.

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Definitions:

Confirmation Error

A cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms pre-existing beliefs or values, while disregarding evidence that contradicts them.

Escalating Commitment

The phenomenon where people increase their investment in a decision despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was wrong.

Framing Error

A cognitive bias where information is presented or perceived in such a way that it leads to incorrect conclusions or decisions.

Lack-of-participation Error

A bias or error in decision-making that occurs when not all stakeholders or team members are involved or engaged in the process.