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Aristotle says, "By states of character, the things in virtue of which we stand well or badly with reference to the passions."
William McDougall
A psychologist known for his work on instinct theory and social psychology, advocating for the inclusion of innate tendencies in explaining behavior.
Human Instincts
Innate, biologically determined behaviors that are present at birth, driving individuals towards certain actions or responses without the need for learning, such as the instinct for survival.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, or praise rather than internal factors.
External Reward
Motivation that comes from outside of the individual, often in the form of praise, money, or a physical reward.
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