Some Materialist Empiricists Are Either Libertarians or Hard Determinists B)

question 269

Multiple Choice

Some materialist empiricists are either libertarians or hard determinists. But no empiricist is a hard determinist. So some materialists are libertarians.
-Which of the following is the best translation into M of this argument?

• A) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) [ ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Ex } ) \cdot ( \mathrm { Lx } \vee \mathrm { Dx } ) ] \\
• \sim ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Ex } \supset \mathrm { Dx } ) \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \end{array}\)
• B) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) [ ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Ex } ) \cdot ( \mathrm { Lx } \vee \mathrm { Dx } ) ] \\
• \sim ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Ex } \supset \mathrm { Dx } ) \quad\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Mx } \supset \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \end{array}\)
• C) \(\begin{array} { l l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) [ ( \mathrm { Mx } \vee \mathrm { Ex } ) \cdot ( \mathrm { Lx } \vee \mathrm { Dx } ) ] & \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Ex } \supset \sim \mathrm { Dx } ) & / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Lx } )
• \end{array}\)
• D) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) [ ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Ex } ) \vee ( \mathrm { Lx } \cdot \mathrm { Dx } ) ] \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Ex } \supset \sim \mathrm { Dx } ) \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Mx } \supset \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \end{array}\)
• E) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) [ ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Ex } ) \cdot ( \mathrm { Lx } \vee \mathrm { Dx } ) ] \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Ex } \supset \sim \mathrm { Dx } ) \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) ( \mathrm { Mx } \cdot \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \end{array}\)

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Definitions:

Gratification

The state of pleasure or satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal or fulfilling a desire.

Freud

An influential figure in psychology, known for his theories of the unconscious mind, the mechanism of repression, and the psychoanalytic model of the mind.

Pleasure Seeking

The pursuit of activities and experiences that are expected to bring joy or satisfaction.

Id's Drives

Basic, instinctual forces or desires that seek immediate gratification, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory.