Determine Whether the Given Argument Is Valid or Invalid C) Invalid

question 38

Multiple Choice

determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. (?x) (Gx ? Hx)
2) (?x) (Gx • Ix)
3) (?x) (Gx • Jx)
4) (?x) (Jx ? Hx) / (?x) (Ix • Jx)

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 1 member, in which:
• \[\begin{array} { l l l l }
• \text { Ga: True } & \text { Ha: True } & \text { Ia: True } & \text { Ja: True } \\
• \text { Gb: True} &\text { Hb: True } &\text {Ib: True }&\text { Jb: True } \\
• \end{array}\]
• C) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 1 member, in which:
• \[\begin{array} { l l l l }
• \text { Ga: False } & \text { Ha: True } & \text { Ia: True } & \text { Ja: True } \\
• \text { Gb: True} &\text { Hb: True } &\text {Ib: True }&\text { Jb: False } \\
• \end{array}\]
• D) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 1 member, in which:
• \[\begin{array} { l l l l }
• \text { Ga: True } & \text { Ha: True } & \text { Ia: True } & \text { Ja: True } \\
• \text { Gb: True} &\text { Hb: True } &\text {Ib: True }&\text { Jb: False } \\
• \end{array}\]
• E) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of 1 member, in which:
• \[\begin{array} { l l l l }
• \text { Ga: False } & \text { Ha: True } & \text { Ia: False } & \text { Ja: False } \\
• \text { Gb: False } &\text { Hb: True } &\text {Ib: True }&\text { Jb: False } \\
• \end{array}\]

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Definitions:

Inefficient And Inequitable

Situations or systems that do not maximize resources or distribute outcomes fairly among participants.

Collective Bargaining

The process of negotiating the terms of employment between an employer and a group of workers.

Unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests through collective bargaining with employers.

Efficiency Wages

Wages set above the market-clearing level by employers to increase worker productivity, discourage turnover, and reduce shirking.