Determine Whether the Given Formula Is a Logical Truth of M

question 23

Essay

determine whether the given formula is a logical truth of M or not. If it is a logical truth, provide a proof of the formula. If it is not a logical truth, provide a counterexample in a finite domain.
-[(∀x)(Fx ⊃ Gx) • (∀x)(Gx ⊃ Hx)] ⊃ (∃x)(Fx • Hx)

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Definitions:

Dividends to Stockholders

Payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members, usually deriving from the company's earnings.

Comprehensive Income

The total change in equity for a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events from non-owner sources, encompassing all revenue, expenses, gains, and losses.

Retained Earnings

The accumulated net income of a company that is retained by the company rather than distributed to its shareholders as dividends.

Balance Sheet

A balance sheet is a financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time, providing a snapshot of its financial condition.