If Anything Is Stuck in Traffic, Bruno Will Be Mad

question 160

Multiple Choice

If anything is stuck in traffic, Bruno will be mad if it is late. Something is neither annoyed nor not late. If Bruno is mad, then something is annoyed. So something is not stuck in traffic.
-Which of the following is the best translation into M of this argument?

• A) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) [ \mathrm { Sx } \supset ( \mathrm { Mb } \supset \mathrm { Lx } ) ] \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \sim ( \mathrm { Ax } \vee \sim \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \mathrm { Mb } \supset ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Ax } \quad&/(\exists x) \sim S x
• \end{array}\)
• B) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Sx } \supset ( \mathrm { Mb } \supset \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \sim ( \mathrm { Ax } \vee \sim \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \mathrm { Mb } \supset ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Ax } \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \sim \mathrm { Sx }
• \end{array}\)
• C) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Sx } \supset ( \mathrm { Lx } \supset \mathrm { Mb } ) \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \sim ( \mathrm { Ax } \vee \sim \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \mathrm { Mb } \supset ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Ax } \quad \quad ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \sim \mathrm { Sx }
• \end{array}\)
• D) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) [ \mathrm { Sx } \supset ( \mathrm { Lx } \supset \mathrm { Mb } ) ] \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \sim ( \mathrm { Ax } \vee \sim \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \mathrm { Mb } \supset ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Ax } \quad \quad \quad \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \sim \mathrm { Sx }
• \end{array}\)
• E) \(\begin{array} { l }
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Sx } \supset ( \mathrm { Lx } \supset \mathrm { Mb } ) \\
• ( \forall \mathrm { x } ) \sim ( \mathrm { Ax } \vee \sim \mathrm { Lx } ) \\
• \mathrm { Mb } \supset ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \mathrm { Ax } \quad / ( \exists \mathrm { x } ) \sim \mathrm { Sx }
• \end{array}\)

---

Definitions:

Non-Cartel Members

Companies or nations that are not part of a cartel, an association of producers that seek to control production, pricing, and marketing of a product.

Marginal Cost

The escalation in cumulative costs incurred from creating an additional unit of a good or service.

Competitive Supply Curve

A graphical representation showing the quantities of a good or service that a firm is willing to supply at different prices in a competitive market.

Dominant Firm

A firm that has a large share of the total sales in a particular market, giving it significant control over the market.