Determine Whether the Given Argument Is Valid or Invalid

question 129

Essay

determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is valid, provide a derivation of the conclusion from the premises. If it is invalid, provide a counterexample.
-1. (∀x)(Gx ⊃ Hx)
2. (∃x)(Gx • Ix)
3. (∃x)(Gx • Jx)
4. (∀x)(Jx ⊃ Hx) / (∃x)(Ix • Jx)

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Definitions:

Balance Sheet

A financial statement that shows a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.

Financial Document

Written records that contain important financial information pertaining to a person or entity.

Owned And Owed

Refers to assets or resources that an entity possesses (owned) and obligations or debts that it is responsible for (owed).

Gross Margin

A company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage.