Construct a Complete Truth Table for Each of the Following

question 12

Multiple Choice

Construct a complete truth table for each of the following arguments. Then, using the truth table, determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. If the argument is invalid, choose an option which presents a counterexample. (There may be other counterexamples as well.)
-E ≡ F
F ⊃ ∼E / E

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample when E and F are true
• C) Invalid. Counterexample when E is true and F is false
• D) Invalid. Counterexample when E is false and F is true
• E) Invalid. Counterexample when E and F are false

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Definitions:

Traditional Authority

A form of governance where power is legitimized by traditional customs, beliefs, and practices handed down from the past.

Gerontocracy

A form of government or organizational structure where power is concentrated in the hands of older members of society or an institution.

Patrimonialism

Refers to a form of governance in which all power flows directly from the leader, typically structured like a patriarchal family.

Feudalism

A social system prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.