Use Indirect Truth Tables to Determine Whether Each of the Following

question 90

Multiple Choice

use indirect truth tables to determine whether each of the following arguments is valid. If the argument is invalid, choose an option which presents a counterexample. (There may be other counterexamples as well.)
-(H ⊃ ∼I) • ∼J
∼I ⊃ [(J $\lor$ K) • (J $\lor$ H) ]
∼H $\lor$ (K ⊃ L) / L ⊃ ∼H

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample when H, I, K, and L are true and I is false
• C) Invalid. Counterexample when H, I, and L are true and J and K are false
• D) Invalid. Counterexample when H, K, and L are true and I and J are false
• E) Invalid. Counterexample when H, J, and L are true and I and K are false

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Definitions:

Direct Labour

The wages and related benefits for workers who are directly involved in the manufacturing or production of goods.

Variable Manufacturing Overhead

Variable manufacturing overhead includes costs that fluctuate with production volume, such as utilities and materials used in the production process that are not directly tied to specific units produced.

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

The consistent, non-variable costs associated with manufacturing, regardless of the production volume.

Direct Materials

Raw materials that are directly used in the production of goods and can be easily traced to the product.