Determine Whether the Given Argument Is Valid or Invalid

question 112

Multiple Choice

determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. (∀x) (Ax ⊃ Dex)
2) (∃x) (Bx • Dxe)
3) (∀x) (Bx ⊃ Ax) / (∃x) [Ax • (Dxe • Dex) ]

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of one member, in which: Ae: True Be: False Dee: False
• C) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of two members, in which:
• Aa: True Ba: True Daa: True Dea: False
• Ae: True Be: True Dae: False Dee: False
• D) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of two members, in which:
• Aa: True Ba: False Daa: True Dea: True
• Ae: False Be: False Dae: False Dee: True
• E) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of two members, in which: Aa: False Ba: True Daa: False Dea: False
• Ae: True Be: True Dae: True Dee: False

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Definitions:

Psychosexual Theory

Sigmund Freud's theory that child development occurs in a series of stages, each characterized by different demands for sexual satisfaction.

Genital Stage

A phase in Freud's psychosexual development focused on mature sexual interests and activities, usually beginning in puberty.

Anal

Pertaining to the anus, often used in a psychological context to describe personality traits associated with the anal stage of psychosexual development.

Oral

Relates to the mouth, including the act of speaking or consuming, often used in contexts ranging from communication methods to intake of food and medicine.