Determine Whether the Given Argument Is Valid or Invalid

question 16

Essay

determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is valid, derive the conclusion using our rules of inference and equivalence. If it is invalid, provide a counterexample.
-1. (?x)[Lx ? (?y)(My • Nxy)]
2. (?x)[Lx • (?y)Nxy] / (?x)[Mx • (?y)Nxy]

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Definitions:

Untrained Observer

An individual making observations without formal training or methodologies, which can lead to subjective or inaccurate conclusions.

Ethnic Conflict

Disputes and hostilities between different ethnic groups, often resulting in violence and social unrest.

Gesellschaft

A type of society in which increasing importance is placed on the secondary relationships that are less intimate and more instrumental.

Gemeinschaft

German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life.