Determine Whether the Argument Is Valid or Invalid $\lor$

question 195

Multiple Choice

determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. ∼(M $\lor$ N)
2) ∼M ⊃ (O ⊃ P)
3) O ≡ P / O

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample when M and N are true and O and P are false
• C) Invalid. Counterexample when M is true and N, O, and P are false
• D) Invalid. Counterexample when N is true and M, O, and P are false
• E) Invalid. Counterexample when M, N, O, and P are false