Determine Whether the Argument Is Valid or Invalid $\lor$

question 34

Multiple Choice

determine whether the argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. J $\lor$ (M $\lor$ L)
2) (∼J ⊃ M) ⊃ K
3) K ⊃ N
4) ∼J • ∼L / N

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid. Counterexample when K is true and J, L, M, and N are false
• C) Invalid. Counterexample when M is true, and J, K, L, and N are false
• D) Invalid. Counterexample when K and K are true and L, M, and N are false
• E) Invalid. Counterexample when K and M are true and J, K, and N are false

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Definitions:

EPSP Reversal

A phenomenon where the excitatory postsynaptic potential changes direction, usually due to alterations in ion gradient or membrane potential.

Neural Plasticity

The ability of the brain's neural networks to change through growth and reorganization, in response to learning or experience.

Back Propagation

An algorithm commonly used in training artificial neural networks, where error is propagated backwards to update the weights.

Temporal Summation

The process by which multiple sub-threshold signals can combine over time at a synapse to produce a significant effect, often leading to action potential if the threshold is reached.