A Study Showed a Fairly High Correlation Between Not Smoking

question 87

Multiple Choice

A study showed a fairly high correlation between not smoking and having a high college grade point average. Although some people used this study as evidence that smoking is bad, if you accept that smoking doesn't cause someone to lose brain cells or study less, you would probably conclude that the study:

• A) had an invalid hypothesis.
• B) used basic research.
• C) was valid.
• D) misused a control group.
• E) employed a spurious correlation.

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Definitions:

Sustainable Ecosystem

An ecosystem that is capable of maintaining its productivity, diversity, and overall functionality over time, usually by balancing conservation and renewal practices.

Restoration Ecology

A branch of ecology focused on the repair of damaged or destroyed ecosystems through active human intervention and the reestablishment of their pre-disturbance conditions.

Wildlife

Undomesticated animals living in natural habitats, including forests, deserts, grasslands, and bodies of water.

Coastal Degradation

The deterioration of coastal areas due to human activities or natural processes, leading to loss of ecosystems and habitats.