Nancy Chodorow Has Adapted Freudian Theory to Help Understand How

question 129

Multiple Choice

Nancy Chodorow has adapted Freudian theory to help understand how patterns of gendered parenting and early-childhood development lead to the reproduction of traditional sex roles. Which of the following quotes sounds like it could be by Nancy Chodorow?

• A) "The Collective Unconscious is universal and resonates with every human being. It cannot be built up like one's personal unconscious, because it predates the individual and is the repository of all the religious, spiritual, and mythological symbols and experiences of the human race."
• B) "Humans act toward things based on the meanings the things have for them and these meanings arise out of the social interaction one has with others. Meaning is therefore a social product rather than a given or constant."
• C) "It is more difficult for boys to develop an identity as they have to separate from their mothers and model themselves after a parent who is far more likely to be emotionally absent, while daughters maintain close and intense relationships with their primary role model, leading them to value nurturing and connecting with others."
• D) "Men and women are inherently different due to an internal essence, and the difference is not just one of degrees, in fact they are opposites. Gender differences aren't really differences in gender, they reflect a biologically based difference that is consistent across all cultures."
• E) "All individuals go through a preparatory stage in the first year of life, where they engage in meaningless imitation. This is followed by a play stage where children engage in 'taking the role of the other.'"

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Definitions:

Gender

A social construct that involves a range of identities that do not necessarily correspond to established ideas of male and female.

Strong Masculine Role

The cultural expectation that men will display traits typically associated with masculinity, such as strength, independence, and emotional stoicism.

Bem Sex-Role Inventory

A psychological assessment that measures how individuals identify with traditional masculine and feminine roles, developed by Sandra Bem.

Gender Stereotypes

Broad categories that reflect impressions and widely held beliefs about what behavior is appropriate for females and males.