Mandler and McDonough (1993) Familiarized a Group of 9-Month-Olds Either

question 17

Essay

Mandler and McDonough (1993) familiarized a group of 9-month-olds either to different toy birds with outstretched wings or toy airplanes. They subsequently gave them a new toy bird and a new toy airplane and measured the infants' examination times to these new toys. Infants who were familiarized to birds examined the airplane longer compared to the new bird, and infants who were familiarized to airplanes examined the bird longer compared to the new airplane. What can we infer from these findings? What does that tell us about infants' perceptual and conceptual categorization abilities? What are possible limitations of this study?

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Definitions:

Bankruptcy

A legal process for individuals or entities that cannot repay their outstanding debts, allowing for their assets to be distributed among creditors.

Promissory Estoppel

A legal principle preventing a party from backing out of a promise made, when the other party has relied on that promise to their detriment.

Consideration

The value (usually money, service, or goods) exchanged between parties in a contract that compels them to fulfill their mutual obligations.

Preexisting Duty

An obligation that a party is already bound to by law or by some other agreement. The party may not use this as consideration in a new contract.