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Euler's formula states that the buckling load P for a column of length l, both ends hinged and whose least moment of inertia and modulus of elasticity of the material of the column are I and E respectively, is given by the relation
Field Study
A research method that involves collecting data outside of a laboratory setting, in the natural environment where the subjects of study can be observed in their usual circumstances.
Social Behavior
Actions and interactions among individuals within a group, ranging from cooperation and communication to competition and conflict, influenced by the social context.
Independent Variables
Variables in an experiment that are manipulated to observe their effect on dependent variables, used to establish causal relationships.
Operational Definition
A specific, clear, and measurable definition of a concept or variable for the purposes of scientific study.