Which of the Following Is an Individual Considered Exceptionally Close

question 39

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an individual considered exceptionally close to God, who is then exalted after death?

• A) priest
• B) nun
• C) saint
• D) pope

Differentiate between observational and experimental data.

Explain the concepts of learned helplessness and learned optimism as defined by Seligman.

Apply Seligman's concepts of learned helplessness, learned optimism, and explanatory style to analyze individual behaviors.

Discuss the relation between Seligman's psychological theories and health, including mental health (e.g., depression) and physical health (e.g., relation to heart disease).

---

Definitions:

Unrealistic Optimism

The belief that positive outcomes are more probable and negative outcomes are less probable for oneself compared to others, often ignoring statistical reality.

Risky Behaviors

Behaviors that expose individuals to harm or significant risk of harm.

Hardiness

A character quality marked by toughness and the capacity to withstand harsh situations.

Token Economy

A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers.