The Ulysses Space Probe of the Sun Encountered the Planet

question 7

Short Answer

The Ulysses space probe of the Sun encountered the planet Jupiter in 1998 and returned to make a second sweep over the Sun's poles in 2000-2001. Determine the time (in seconds and minutes) that it took a radio signal to reach Earth when the space probe was at Jupiter. (Use 778 × 10⁶ km for the distance from the space probe to Earth. The distance varies because Earth and Jupiter are orbiting the Sun.)

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Definitions:

Net Movement

The overall transfer or migration of substances, such as molecules or ions, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, often referring to processes like diffusion.

Sodium-potassium Pumps

Cellular membrane proteins that actively transport sodium out of and potassium into cells, essential for maintaining cell volume and resting membrane potential.

Ion Pumps

Proteins found in the cell membrane that use energy to transfer ions against their concentration gradient, maintaining the internal balance of cells.

Antiporters

Antiporters are proteins that transport two or more ions or molecules in opposite directions across a cell membrane, crucial for maintaining cellular ion balance.