If X_i Is Defined as X_i = $\pi$ _i - E $\pi$

question 4

Multiple Choice

If x_i is defined as x_i = $\pi$ _i - E( $\pi$ _i) ,and p_i is the probability of occurrence of any x_i,the formula for the square of the standard deviation can be written as:

• A) \(\Sigma\) x_i p_i.
• B)\(\Sigma\) x_i p²_i .
• C) \(\Sigma\)x²_i p²_i .
• D) \(\Sigma\)x²_i p_i.
• E)\(\Sigma\)(x_i p_i)².

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Definitions:

Microbial Species

A group of microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists, that share similar genetic characteristics and are distinct from other groups.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The swapping of genetic material in single or multiple-celled organisms through mechanisms that bypass the "vertical" passing down of DNA from ancestor to descendant.

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A concept in biology that defines a species based on the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, representing one branch on the tree of life.

Adaptation

The process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment through the development of physical, behavioral, or physiological changes.