Which Individual Is Displaying Behavior That Is Most Motivated by Cognitive

question 69

Multiple Choice

Which individual is displaying behavior that is most motivated by cognitive factors?

• A) Kathy, who starts smoking cigarettes because all of her friends have started doing so
• B) Thrupti, who drinks a large glass of water after a softball game
• C) Norm, who punches a wall after his girlfriend breaks up with him
• D) Yoon, who drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability

Understand the role of random assignment and experimental control in establishing causal relationships.

Identify the consequences of failing to control extraneous variables in experimental research.

Appreciate the importance of controlling for participant characteristics in experimental designs.

Recognize the significance of pretest-posttest designs in measuring the effect of interventions.

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Definitions:

Attitude Polarization

The phenomenon whereby a person's stance on a specific issue becomes more extreme after being exposed to opposing arguments.

Effort Justification

A cognitive dissonance theory concept where individuals rationalize the effort they put into achieving a goal, often valuing the outcome more if more effort was required.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

False Consensus Effect

The cognitive bias to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.