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"The Operator of the Tunnel That Links Britain and France

question 76

Essay

"The operator of the tunnel that links Britain and France, Eurotunnel, said that commercial and tourist traffic using its car and coach shuttle service had fallen sharply in 2004, leading to a drop in operating revenues of 4%. Eurotunnel's chief executive, Jean-Louis Raymond, blamed cut-throat competition from budget airlines." (news story, January 2005)
a.If Mr. Raymond is correct, are the services of airlines and Eurotunnel substitutes or complements?
b.Use demand and supply analysis to explain how lower airfares between Paris and London impact the market for the shuttle services of Eurotunnel.


Definitions:

Materials Quantity Variance

Materials Quantity Variance is the difference between the actual quantity of materials used in production and the expected quantity, multiplied by the standard cost per unit, indicating efficiency in material usage.

Labor Efficiency Variance

The difference between the actual hours worked and the standard hours allowed for the actual production, multiplied by the standard labor rate.

Labor Rate Variance

The difference between the actual costs of labor and the expected (or standard) costs, based on the standard labor rate.

Labor Efficiency Variance

The difference between the actual hours worked and the standard hours expected, multiplied by the standard labor rate, highlighting efficiency in labor.

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