In the Equation to Estimate Osmolality by Calculation, Why Is

question 6

Multiple Choice

In the equation to estimate osmolality by calculation, why is the sodium multiplied by two?

• A)Sodium is present in body fluids in twice the concentration of other ions.
• B)Sodium has a valence of two.
• C)The equation accounts for sodium and its corresponding anion.
• D)This factor accounts for the fact that sodium may be bound to chloride (NaCl) or to bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

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Definitions:

Price Ceiling

A government-imposed limit on the price charged for a product, intended to prevent prices from rising too high.

Producer Surplus

The difference between what producers are willing to accept for a good versus what they actually receive, often due to market prices being higher.

Substitutes

Goods or services that can be used in place of each other, allowing consumers to switch if there is a change in price or availability.

Producer Surplus

The difference between the amount that producers are willing and able to sell a good for and the actual amount they receive due to market dynamics.