Four-Year-Old Valentina Has an Intense Fear of Dogs

question 105

Multiple Choice

Four-year-old Valentina has an intense fear of dogs.Her fear has persisted for as long as her parents can remember,and they have not been able to reduce it in any way.Lately,she is refusing to go outside because she might see a dog.Valentina's fear __________.

• A) has reached the level of a phobia
• B) is typical for her age
• C) probably results from a fear of separation
• D) cannot be reduced by counseling