What Is the Status of Affirmative Action in College Admissions

question 55

Multiple Choice

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two Michigan cases, one involving the University of Michigan undergraduate program and one the law school?

• A) Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
• B) Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
• C) Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision.
• D) Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
• E) All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

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Definitions:

Government Expenditures

The total amount of money that a government spends on public services, infrastructure, defense, and welfare programs.

Business Cycle

The fluctuations in economic activity that an economy experiences over a period of time, characterized by periods of boom and recession.

Marginal Propensity

Marginal propensity, in economics, refers to the fraction of an increase in income that is spent on consumption. It represents the change in consumption resulting from a change in income.

Government Spending

This refers to the total expenditure by government agencies on goods, services, and public works.