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Standardized Variables Are Generated by Subtracting the Mean of a Variable

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Standardized variables are generated by subtracting the mean of a variable from each observation and multiplying the result by the standard deviation of that variable.


Definitions:

Concentration Ratios

Concentration ratios measure the proportion of market share controlled by the largest firms within an industry, indicating the level of competition.

Geographic Distribution

The natural arrangement and location of various forms of life and how they are spread out across the earth.

Metropolitan Area

A region consisting of a densely populated urban core city and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.

Resource Suppliers

are entities or individuals that provide the inputs needed for production processes, including raw materials, labor, and capital.

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