Use the Following Information When Answering the Corresponding Question(s)

question 39

Multiple Choice

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) .
In Chapter 19 you read about the amplification and sequencing of 30,000-year-old Neanderthal DNA to learn that it's unlikely Neanderthals and modern humans interbred.Let's take a closer look at this early work with ancient DNA (M.Krings,A.Stone,R.W.Schmitz,H.Krainitzki,M.Stoneking,and S.Pääbo.1997.Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell 90:19-30) .
Here is part of the lead paragraph in the "Methods" section of the Krings et al.paper:
Protective clothing was worn throughout the sampling procedure.Instruments used were treated with 1 M HCl followed by extensive rinsing in distilled water.After removal,the sample was immediately put into a sterile tube for transport to Munich.All subsequent manipulations of the sample,and experimental procedures prior to cycling of PCR reactions,were carried out in laboratories solely dedicated to the analysis of archaeological specimens,where protective clothing,separate equipment and reagents,UV irradiation,and other measures to...
A concluding paragraph of the Krings et al.paper states:
It must be emphasized that the above conclusions are based on a single individual sequence;the retrieval and analysis of mtDNA sequences from additional Neanderthal specimens is obviously desirable.If this proves possible,then the potential exists to address several questions concerning Neanderthals that hitherto could be studied exclusively by morphological and archaeological approaches.For example,the genetic relationship between Neanderthal populations in Europe and in western Asia could be explored,as could the demographic history of Neanderthal populations.
-Refer to the paragraph on Krings et al.Why did the researchers wear protective clothing and note so emphatically that they did so?

• A)They needed to be certain there were no ancient pathogens on the sample that modern humans hadn't been exposed to.
• B)They needed to be sure not to harm the precious sample with oils from skin or moisture from their breath.
• C)They needed to minimize the chance of introducing their own mitochondrial DNA to the sample.
• D)Because the work was done in Germany,they needed to follow stringent,standard German laboratory procedures and document their compliance.

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Definitions:

Average Variable Cost

The total variable cost divided by the quantity of output produced; it shows the variable cost per unit of output.

Increasing Returns to Scale

A situation in production where doubling the inputs results in more than doubling the output, leading to efficiencies and economies of scale.

Decreasing Returns to Scale

A situation in which a firm experiences a less than proportional increase in output despite a proportional increase in all inputs, typically due to inefficiencies.

Increasing Opportunity Costs

The concept that as you produce more of one good, the opportunity cost of producing that next unit increases.