The Closest Relatives of the Familiar Pine and Spruce Trees

question 43

Multiple Choice

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are _____.

• A)ferns,horsetails,lycophytes,club mosses
• B)hornworts,liverworts,mosses
• C)gnetophytes,cycads,ginkgoes
• D)elms,maples,aspens

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Definitions:

Expectancy Effects

Phenomena in which the outcome of a study is influenced by the participants' or experimenters' expectations.

Demand Characteristics

Cues that inform the subject how he or she is expected to behave.

Unobtrusive Measures

Research methods that do not require direct interaction with participants, minimizing the potential for the researcher's presence to influence the results.

Demand Characteristics

Cues in an experiment that suggest to participants what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave.