Use the Following Information When Answering the Corresponding Question(s)

question 5

Multiple Choice

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) .
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees.They wondered if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees,forming an underground network that potentially could transport carbon and nutrients from one tree to another (S.Simard et al.1997.Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the field.Nature 388:579-82) .Figure 31.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup.Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years;two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae (Douglas fir,birch) and the other (cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae.For the experiment,the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings;into each bag,they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon-13 or carbon-14 (¹³CO₂ and ¹⁴CO₂,isotopes of carbon) .As the seedlings photosynthesized,the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labeled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

-Simard et al(1997) further hypothesized that if reciprocal transfer did occur,it would be a source-sink relationship driven by photosynthetic rates.That is,if one seedling is in full Sun and the other in deep shade,there will be a net movement of carbon from the seedling in full Sun to the one in deep shade.If a shade was placed over the birch seedlings and the cedar,and the Douglas fir was left in full Sun,what result could Simard and colleagues expect?

• A)More ¹³C would be found in the birch than in the Douglas fir.
• B)More ¹³C would be found in the Douglas fir than in the birch.
• C)The most ¹³C would be found in the cedar.
• D)The most ¹⁴C would be found in the cedar.

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Definitions:

Token Economy

A behavior modification system that uses tokens as a form of positive reinforcement for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards.

Grooming Habits

Practices and activities related to personal care and cleanliness, including habits for maintaining appearance and hygiene.

Personalization

Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person.

Overgeneralization

Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original; the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure.