Use the Following Information When Answering the Corresponding Question(s)

question 32

Multiple Choice

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) .
Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals.Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish.They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching) ,juvenile (21-42 days post-hatching) ,and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5,25,and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries.They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood.Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups.Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females.(Brion,F. ,C.R.Tyler,X.Palazzi,B.Laillet,J.M.Porcher,J.Garric,and P.Flammarion.2004.Impacts of 17β-estradiol,including environmentally relevant concentrations,on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-,juvenile-,and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio) .Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217. )
-Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment.You are assigned to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency,which needs to decide what level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output.You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary,because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage.Given the data presented above,what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish?

• A)2)5 ng/l
• B)5 ng/l
• C)12.5 ng/l
• D)25 ng/l
• E)100 ng/l

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Definitions:

Differentiating Products

The strategy of making a product appear distinct from similar products in the market through branding, design, or quality improvements.

Concentration Ratio

A measure used to assess the degree to which a small number of firms dominate within an industry, often expressed as a percentage of total market share.

Concentration Ratios

Measures of market structure and competition which indicate the cumulative market share of the top firms in an industry.

Geographic Location

Geographic Location denotes the specific physical position of an entity on Earth's surface, influencing its economic activities.