How Does the Immune System of Vertebrates Utilize a Chemical

question 50

Multiple Choice

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

• A) The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier.
• B) The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens.
• C) The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site.
• D) The vertebrate immune system does not use chemical gradients.

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Definitions:

Methyl Isobutyrate

An ester formed from methanol and isobutyric acid, characterized by a fruity odor, commonly used in flavorings and fragrances.

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentan-3-ol

A specific organic compound characterized by its molecular structure having a pentane backbone with an alcohol group (OH) attached to the third carbon, along with ethyl and methyl groups as substituents.

Random Phenomenon

An event or situation in which the outcome is unpredictable and cannot be determined prior to its occurrence.

National Football League

A professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC).