Use the Following Information When Answering the Corresponding Question(s)

question 23

Multiple Choice

Use the following information when answering the corresponding question(s) .
Abstract:
Increased radiative forcing is an inevitable part of global climate change,yet little is known of its potential effects on the energy fluxes in natural ecosystems.To simulate the conditions of global warming,we exposed peat monoliths (depth,0.6 cm;surface area,2.1 m²) from a bog and fen in northern Minnesota,USA,to three infrared (IR) loading (ambient,+45,and +90 W m⁻²) and three water table (-16,-20,and -29 cm in bog and -1,-10 and -18 cm in fen) treatments,each replicated in three mesocosm plots.Net radiation (Rn) and soil energy fluxes at the top,bottom,and sides of the mesocosms were measured in 1999,five years after the treatments had begun.Soil heat flux (G) increased proportionately with IR loading,comprising about 3%-8% of Rn.In the fen,the effect of IR loading on G was modulated by water table depth,whereas in the bog,it was not.Energy dissipation from the mesocosms occurred mainly via vertical exchange with air,as well as the deeper soil layers through the bottom of the mesocosms,whereas lateral fluxes were 10- to 20-fold smaller and independent of IR loading and water table depth.The exchange with deeper soil layers was sensitive to water table depth,in contrast to G,which responded primarily to IR loading.The qualitative responses in the bog and fen were similar,but the fen displayed wider seasonal variations and greater extremes in soil energy fluxes.The differences of G in the bog and fen are attributed to differences in the reflectance in the long waveband as a function of vegetation type,whereas the differences in soil heat storage may also depend on different soil properties and different water table depth at comparable treatments.These data suggest that the ecosystem-dependent controls over soil energy fluxes may provide an important constraint on biotic response to climate change.
-The Noormets et al.study (2004) shows that there was an ecosystem-specific control over soil energy fluxes,and this constrained the biotic response to climate change.How do you think radiative heat would affect the water table in a wetland versus a temperate forest?

• A)The wetland would likely absorb less heat than the temperate forest and therefore not significantly change water table depth.
• B)The wetland would likely absorb more heat than the temperate forest and significantly change water table depth.
• C)The temperate forest would likely absorb more heat than the wetland and significantly change water table depth.
• D)Both areas would absorb similar amounts of radiative heat and therefore affect the water table equally.

---

Definitions:

Internal Consistency

A measure of the reliability of a psychological test or survey, reflecting the extent to which all items assess the same characteristic.

Face Validity

The extent to which a test or measurement appears effective in terms of its stated aims to those taking or observing it, on the surface level.

Construct Validity

The degree to which a test or instrument measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

Correlate

To possess a reciprocal relationship or link, where one element influences or relies upon another.