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The substitution effect, based on relative commodity price changes, represents one reason for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve.
Mid-ocean Ridge
An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics, that marks the site of upwelling magma creating new oceanic crust.
Caldera-forming Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions that create large, basin-shaped depressions called calderas, formed by the collapse of a volcano into emptied magma chambers.
Ash Layers
Stratified deposits resulting from the settling of volcanic ash ejected during volcanic eruptions, which can cover large areas and form distinctive markers in the geological record.
Yellowstone
A renowned national park in the United States known for its wildlife, geothermal features, and the Yellowstone supervolcano.
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