What Are the Requirements for and the Effect of a Ratification

question 15

Essay

What are the requirements for and the effect of a ratification of an agent's unauthorized act?

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Definitions:

XIC Instruction

A "Examine if Closed" instruction in PLC programming, used to check if a specific condition or input is true.

XIO Instruction

"Examine if Open" instruction in PLC programming, used to check if a Boolean input condition is false before executing the subsequent logic.

Series Contact Instructions

Guidelines or directives related to the configuration or wiring of electrical contacts in a series circuit arrangement.

Ladder Logic

A programming language used to program programmable logic controllers (PLCs), visually resembling the schematic diagrams of relay logic hardware.