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The supply of both physical and human resources in the long run is determined primarily by
Budget Variance
The difference between the budgeted or planned amount of expense or revenue, and the actual amount incurred or earned.
Variable Overhead
Costs of production that fluctuate with the level of output, such as utility expenses and some types of labor costs, which are not directly tied to the volume of production.
Spending Variance
The difference between the actual amount spent and the budgeted amount for a particular cost or expense category.
Standard Cost
A predetermined cost of manufacturing or producing a product or performing a service under normal conditions.
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