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Under a gold standard, a balance of payments surplus automatically
Forward Exchange Rates
Exchange rates determined today for currencies to be exchanged at a future date, used in hedging and speculation.
Spot Rates
The current market price of a financial instrument, commodity, or currency for immediate delivery and payment.
Absolute Purchasing Power Parity
A theory that states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries.
Trading Barriers
Restrictions or laws that limit the ability to trade goods, services, or financial instruments across borders or within markets.
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