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Visualize a neuromuscular junction.An impulse has been sent to the effectors (muscle cells)for a response.At rest,the endplate region has the following concentrations of sodium and potassium: [Na⁺in] = 10 mM,[Na⁺out] = 145 mM,[K⁺in] = 140 mM,and [K⁺out] = 5 mM.Remember that when acetylcholine binds to its receptors,a large opening of channels becomes permeable to both sodium and potassium.What is the membrane potential of the endplate region when stimulated by acetylcholine in this response?
Availability of Endorphins
The presence or abundance of endorphins, natural neurotransmitters in the brain associated with pain relief and feelings of pleasure or euphoria.
Gene
A genetic element that is passed from parent to child, believed to influence specific traits in the child.
Gate-Control Theory
A theory proposing that pain is not solely a result of physical injury but rather its perception is controlled by a neurological "gate" in the spinal cord.
Pain Signals
Nervous system responses to harmful stimuli, warning the body of potential injury.
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