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Of the following, which is NOT an ambient condition that irritates shoppers according to Alain d'Astous?
Hierarchy
An arrangement or institution where individuals or entities are positioned in a hierarchy based on their authority or status.
Centralized
A decision-making framework in organizations where authority and responsibility are concentrated at a single point or within a small group, typically within the upper levels of management.
Spans
Refers to the scope or range of control that a manager has over a number of subordinates or the extent of a process or activity.
Decentralized
A system or organization where decision-making power is distributed among multiple units or levels, rather than concentrated at a single point.
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