Deterministic (Or Racist) Views Concerning Human Variation Were Once or Presently

question 9

Multiple Choice

Deterministic (or racist) views concerning human variation were once or presently held by all of the following except

• A) Benjamin Franklin
• B) Thomas Jefferson
• C) Oliver Wendell Holmes
• D) Abraham Lincoln
• E) biologists

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Definitions:

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is a behavioral principle where the removal of an undesirable or unpleasant stimulus following a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

Punishment

A concept in behaviorism that involves applying an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Rewarding Stimulus

A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a particular behavior by providing a positive outcome or pleasure when the behavior is performed.

Positive Reinforcement

A process in behavioral psychology where a desirable stimulus is presented after a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.