The Following Questions Refer to the Evolutionary Tree in Figure

question 4

Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the evolutionary tree in Figure 22.2.
The tree's horizontal axis is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.


-In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (i.e., they locate their prey by sight) . If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following should least likely be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations?

• A)Selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters
• B)Selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night)
• C)Selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young
• D)Selection for algae-eaters that become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes
• E)Selection for algae-eaters that are faster swimmers

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Definitions:

Distortion

An alteration in the perception or representation of something, leading to a misinterpretation or miscommunication.

Cognitive Distortions

Irrational, flawed, or negative patterns of thinking that can contribute to feelings of depression, anxiety, and a distorted view of the world.

Aaron Beck

A psychiatrist and psychotherapist recognized for pioneering cognitive therapy, especially for his work on cognitive behavior therapy for depression.

Token Economy

A behavior modification system that uses tokens as a form of positive reinforcement for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards.