How Did Most European Parties Begin in the Nineteenth Century

question 37

Multiple Choice

How did most European parties begin in the nineteenth century?

• A)as cadre parties
• B)as mass parties
• C)as centralized parties
• D)as green parties
• E)as social democratic parties

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Definitions:

Primary Reinforcement

A stimulus that satisfies basic survival needs and is inherently rewarding, such as food, water, or warmth, used in behavioral conditioning.

Negative Reinforcer

A stimulus whose removal or avoidance following a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

Conditioned Stimulus

A formerly neutral signal that, once it is linked with an unconditioned stimulus, ultimately evokes a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.